Sumário:General introduction to the means-ends test -- Test of suitability or effectiveness : Level of effectiveness and causal relationships between means and aims. Temporal issues : ex tunc or ex nunc assessment of effectiveness? The "locus" of effectiveness review : the aims or intended results of a measure -- The least-intrusive-means test : How to determine "equally effective" alternatives? Toward a pragmatic and procedural application of the least-restrictive-means test -- How to improve the ECtHR's necessity test?